By one count there are 208 countries or self-governing areas in the world.
Most of them use Proportional Representation (PR) for election of at least some of the members in their national assembly or assemblies. Unfortunately Canada is not numbered among those democracies.
It is quite amazing the diversity of voting methods used in PR systems in the world today.
Here is a (relatively) short description of the variety out there - a more elaborate and detailed exposition is beyond my ability right now.
it is not easy to organize countries by election system - some have one chamber but use more than one system; some have more than one chamber, with each chamber using different system.
But I organized as best I could.
The Electoral Reform Socety (U.L.) provided their own list in Sept 2024. It is attached at bottom of this blog - their numbers vary from mine in some respects. They go by primary chamber only (I include Australia as PR country due to the use of STV to elect its national Senate) and do not count SNTV as PR (I do). There is also different information that we each are working with. The ERS list is bassed on informaiton provided by the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parline Database, https://data.ipu.org/. Since that original list was compiled, some countries have changed their election system. The ERS lists shares what changes they know about. (provided at bottom of this blog)
Non-PR systems FPTP single-winner - plurality. no guarantee even a slight majority of voters is represented Block Voting multi-winner but non-PR contests one-party sweeps common IRV single-winner majoritarian contests Two-round voting single-winner majoritarian contests.
*All countries that use FPTP got that system while under pre-democratic or anti-democratic regimes (usually colonial governments).
A partial list of countries that use these systems is at the end of this article. You will find Canada there.
==========================================
More than a hundred countries have switched to electing all or some of their national-level politicians through PR
Research shows that 113 (or 111) countries in the world use PR for election of members of their national legislative assembly or assemblies. This includes most European countries, all Latin American countries, about 20 countries in Africa, and about 28 in Asia/Pacifica (which includes Australia).
Five main types of PR systems are used for election of members of national legislative assemblies in the world today: Party-list PR - based on overall party vote tallies Mixed Member Proportional - district members, dis-proportionality in the district members is addressed by members elected due to party vote tallies. Single Transferable Voting (STV) - district members that are party-balanced through single voting in multi-member districts Parallel Voting - district members alongside members elected due to party vote tallies and perhaps alongside members elected in other ways as well. Limited Voting - multi-member districts; voters cast more than one vote but fewer than seats being filled.
I also add a sixth type:
SNTV multi-member districts; voters cast one vote
Most of these allow voters to vote directly for candidates but some do not.
The "General ticket" method entails election of a whole party slate, instead of candidate by candidate basis.
A couple Parallel Voting systems elect through the "general ticket" method.
One LV system elects by "general ticket" method. ================= By the Numbers TOTAL -- 112 PR countries
Party-list PR (including AMS) 73 including Spain (lower house) *
MMP 9 MMP (FPTP/party-list PR) 2 (NZ, Lesotho)
MMP (district-level list PR/overall party list PR) 5 Denm. Icel. Swed Sth Africa, Germany "Other MMP" (system other than FPTP, BV, list PR/party-list PR) 2 Single Transferable Voting (STV) 4 including Nepal
Single Non-Transferable Voting (SNTV) 5 countries
Parallel Voting 22 Parallel Voting FPTP/party-list PR 11 countries (including Nepal, Mexico (lower house), Japan (both chambers)) Parallel Voting FPTP/ Scorpora 3 countries -- Hungary, Italy, S. Korea Parallel Voting Block Voting mixed with party-list PR 1 country Andorra "General ticket" method used
Parallel Voting Two-round system single-winner district contests, with party-list PR 3 countries Parallel Voting Mexico Senate style 1 including Mexico Parallel Voting other systems 3 -- Monaco Pakistan Seychelles
Limited Voting 2 countries Gibraltar. also including Spain (Senate)
Limited Voting General Ticket 2 countries Argentina. also including Spain
Total 112 (counting Japan, Mexico, Nepal, Spain only once
(Spain is listed three times above; the others twice so we subtract 5 from total of group numbers above)
(The word "including" indicates that the country mentioned is also mentioned under other category/ies of electoral system, applies to some bicameral countries or those using combination of different systems, excepting MMP) =========================================
Lists of countries sorted by type of Proportional Representation Party-list PR (total 73 countries including Spain lower house))
(There are a variety of Party-list PR systems but they are not differentiated in this article. Some elect only in multi-member districts; others elect only at-large.)
Two countries listed as having party-list PR have no delineated districts within the country and all seats are allocated based on overall party vote shares. These are Israel and the Netherlands.
All others elect members in multi-member districts (MMDs).
(Some countries sometimes listed as having party-list PR use Multi-Member Districts where seats are allocated according to list PR and also allocate seats based on overall party vote shares (overall list PR). These include Denmark, Iceland and Sweden. In this article I list them as using Mixed Member Proportional (see below).)
Europe (31) including Spain: Albania Austria Belgium (began using party-list PR in 1900) d'Hondt electoral formula (see Glossary) Bosnia Bulgaria Cape Verde (special partner member of EU) Croatia Czech Estonia Faroe Isl. (UK dependency)
Finland (began using party-list PR in 1906)
no at-large members, all members elected in MMDs Greece Greenland (Danish overseas possession) Kosovo (Europe) partially recognized Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia (North Macedonia) got independence after break-up of Yugoslavia, has had PR since independence [I think] Moldova (member of Council of Europe)
Montegro
Netherlands dropped FPTP in 1918 and adopted "pure PR" (no delineated districts within the country) Norway Poland Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain (lower house) (Senate members - some elected by Limited Voting; others appointed by provincial legislatures)* Switzerland PR used to elect members of the National Council, and to elect members of the Council of States representing two states (Jura and Neuchatel)
Turkey Asia and Oceania (12)
Armenia * (Asia) Aruba Cambodia
Cyprus (Asia) East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia People's Representational Council Party-list PR
Kazakstan (Asia) Assembly of People Party-list PR Lebanon (Asia) Sri Lanka
Suriname Togo
(It is said Hong Kong uses the Hare quota in a largest-remainder system that is based on party vote tallies. But the system has changed so it what behaves mostly like SNTV.(Wikipedia "Hare quota")) Africa (16) including Middle East Algeria (lower house) (upper house not PR) Angola (lower house) (upper house not PR) Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Equatorial Guinea Guineau Bissau
Mozambique
Namibia Rwanda
Saint Tomas South Africa Tunisia
Israel (has used party-list PR since founding of country in 1947) (at-large -- no delineated districts within the country) (unicameral) Lebanon
Zimbabwe [added later] Americas (14): Argentina (lower house) Bolivia (Senate) (chamber of deputies is AMS - AMS is considered a party-list system in this list.) Brazil (lower house) (It is said that Brazil's chamber of deputies uses the Hare quota in a largest-remainder system, based on party vote tallies - Wikipedia "Hare quota") Chile (began using party-list PR in 1925, suspended in 1973, PR reborn in 2015) list PR in districts - Senate districts between 2 and 5 DM, Chamber of Deputies districts of 3 to 8 DM. D'Hondt method. Party lists and lists of coalitions used. staggered terms. casual vacancies filled by the party.) Colombia Costa Rica Dominican El Salvador Guatamala Guyana
Honduras Peru Sint Maarten Uruguay (both houses)
======================= *Armenia uses party-list PR but may conduct two-round vote if no party takes majority in first count. if no party takes more than 54 percent of the seats in the second vote, the leading party will be given more seats. (I think) *Spain Members of the lower house elected by party-list PR. Senate members - some elected by Limited Voting; the others appointed by provincial legislatures. Wiki "Spain": The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados), a lower house with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and the Senate (Senado), an upper house with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote, using Limited Voting, and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.
Limited Voting
Partial block voting, also called Limited Voting, functions similarly to plurality-at-large voting. However in Limited voting each voter receives fewer votes than the number of candidates to be elected. This can enables reasonably-sized minorities to achieve some representation, as it is impossible for a simple plurality to sweep every seat.
Limited Voting is used for elections to the Gibraltar Parliament, where each voter has 10 votes and 17 seats are open for election; the usual result is that the most popular party wins 10 seats and forms the ruling administration, while the second most popular wins seven seats and forms the opposition.
Limited Voting is also used in the Spanish Senate, where there are four seats per constituency and each voter receives three votes.
Limited Voting was used in three- and four-member constituencies in the United Kingdom, where voters received two votes, previous to the time when multi-member constituencies were abolished. (from Wiki: "Multiple non-transferable vote") ==========================================
MMP (9 in total)
(There are a couple categories of MMP systems -- I have sorted them out based on whether or not they use Multi-Member Districts and then based on the type of electoral system used in the districts.)
(some countries listed in list PR above may actually be MMP of one of the two later types)
MMP with single-member districts where members are elected through FPTP -- 2
Pacifica New Zealand uses single-member districts and national top-up
Africa Lesotho*
(Asia Thailand (lower house) Thailand Thailand has used the mixed single vote version of MMP since the 2019 general election, However the next election is scheduled to again be held under Parallel Voting.[8])
* Lesotho switched to "a mixed single-vote version of MMP" in 2002.
District-PR MMP where district members elected in MMDs through list PR and at-large seats allocated based on overall party vote shares in compensatory fashion -- 5
Europe:
Denmark Denmark MMP, with multi-member districts, where members are elected through district-level party-list PR, and other members are elected in compensatory manner based on overall party vote tallies.*
Germany seats are allocated as per provinces/states of Germany, with seats allocated based on overall party vote share in compensatory fashion (2023 this system shifted to where district seats winners take their seats only if their party vote share makes the party eligible for the seat.
Iceland*
Sweden (began using party-list PR in 1907, later moved to MMP with multi-member districts)*
Africa
South Africa*
===
*Denmark, Sweden and Iceland each combine multi-member districts with adjustment seats. They achieve very high levels of proportionality even with smallish regions. Districts elect members using list PR.
SWEDEN:
310 elected in districts, 39 top-up.
Sweden district DM ranges from 2 to 40
Wikipedia "Sweden": Each of the 29 constituencies has a set number of parliamentarians that is divided through constituency results to ensure regional representation. The other members of parliament (MPs) are then elected through a proportional balancing, to ensure that the numbers of elected MPs for the various parties accurately represent the votes of the electorate.
(Somewhat confusingly, these top-up seats are allocated to districts.)
Take for example Blekinge County:
Blekinge County currently elects five of the 349 members of the Riksdag using open-list list PR. Constituency seats are allocated using the modified Sainte-Laguë method.
Only parties that reach the 4 percent national threshold and parties that receive at least 12 percent of the vote in the constituency compete for constituency seats. Supplementary levelling seats may also be allocated at the constituency level to parties that reach the 4 percent national threshold.
In that district Blekinge County, 76 percent of valid votes were used to elect local members. Only three parties had enough votes to achieve the 20 percent local threshold. But all three of those parties did get seat(s). And some of the parties ignored got top-up seats in that step of the process.
2022: Stockholm County had 40 district seats and was given three top-up seats.
*South Africa uses a MMP system where each province elects multiple members through list PR and the country allocates seats as per overall party share in compensatory fashion to the members elected in the provinces.]
"Other MMP" district members elected in MMDs not through FPTP/Block voting nor list PR - 2
Romania*
Mauritius*
*the small Indian Ocean island nation of Mauritius uses MMP, with most being elected through block voting in multi-member districts and 8 declared elected in top-up fashion for majority party and/or ethnic representation from the "best losers".
* Romania -- In Romania, the 2008 national legislative elections were held under a mixed single vote system where SMD seats were only awarded to individual winners with an absolute majority.[2] ==================================== STV (4 in total (including Nepal))
(There are several categories of STV systems but they are not differentiated here)
Europe: Ireland Malta* Asia: Nepal STV for National Assembly (Parallel voting for House of Representatives) Australia (Senate) (Alternative Voting for lower house) *Malta gives majority bonus if a party takes a majority of votes but not a majority of seats. Also some seats are set aside for women members
Single Non-Transferable Voting (SNTV) 5 countries (all in Asia, Middle East or Pacifica)
Afghanistan
Iraq
Kuwait
Pitcairn Islands
Vanuatu - 44 members elected in 14 districts each electing two to seven. Also uses FPTP in eight single-member districts
(since my research, one or more of the first four countries listed as using SNTV may have changed from SNTV to list PR or another system.)
Note: SNTV is thought by some to be only semi-proportional, But for example in Vanuatua, in every district electing multiple members there is always mixed representation
- no one party ever takes all the seats;
- in each district the most popular candidates are elected.
However if you look at party tallies in a district, sometimes a less-popular party will take more seats than a less-popular party, and that is reflected across the whole nation as well.
(SNTV was at one time called the Japanese system, as Japan was the only country to use the system.
Currently Japan uses SNTV for members of its House of Councillors but only in conjunction with another system. Japan's two chambers use different systems, both Parallel voting:
Japan's House of Councillors is elected through Parallel voting: SNTV (73 seats) + Party list PR (Open list) D'Hondt method (96 seats)
Japan's House of Representatives is elected through Parallel Voting, made up of both FPTP and Party-list PR.) -- FPTP (295 seats)[43] + Party list PR (Closed list) D'Hondt method (180 seats)
(see below)
Parallel Voting 22 countries
Parallel Voting is where members are elected through two different methods.
To be listed here, at least one of the methods used must be proportional (or semi-proportional). This is not MMP because in Parallel Voting the proportional members are not elected in compensatory manner, to balance dis-proportionality produced in district elections but are simply declared elected without regard to the district elections.
There are several types of Parallel Voting systems - depending on how district members are elected and how the non-district members are elected. Any use of party-list PR or use of multiple-member districts and restriction of number of votes that can be cast by each voter (SNTV, STV or Limited Voting) or scorpora (a semi-proportional compensatory method) is considered enough to list the system as a form of PR.
They are differentiated here.
Parallel Voting (FPTP and party-list PR) (11 countries) (including Japan) Guinea (Africa) Japan (Asia) House of Representatives is FPTP and Party-list PR
(House of Councillors is SNTV/party-list PR) Krygystan Asia Mexico (lower house) Nepal -- Parallel voting for House of Representatives (STV for National Assembly)
60 percent of Representatives (165) are elected through FPTP;
40 percent (110) are elected through non-compensatory party-list PR Philippines (lower house)* Russia Federation (lower house) Senegal (Africa) Taiwan (Asia) Tanzania (Africa) Venezuela (Americas)
================= *Philippines - each political party is capped at three seats out of 61 so representation is not proportional to vote shares.
=========================================
Parallel Voting Block voting mixed with party-list PR 1 country
Andorra (Party Block Voting using "general ticket" voting/party-list PR)
Parallel voting Two-round system mixed with party-list PR 3 countries
Georgia (two-round system/ party-list PR) (Asia)
Lithuania (two-round system/ party-list PR) (Europe)
Tajikstan (lower house) (two-round system/ party-list PR) (Asia)
Parallel Voting Mexico Senate style 1 country Three-seat district "general ticket" method (three-seat districts/Limited voting)/party-list PR (Mexico Senate Parallel Voting -
96 elected in three-seat districts through Limited Voting, with two most popular parties taking two and one seat respectively
32 elected in proportion to the party vote tallies (largest remainder/Hare Quota)
Mexico Chamber of Deputies also elected through Parallel system -- some members through PR; some through non-PR method
Parallel Voting - FPTP/Scorpora 3 some members elected through FPTP;
others through scorpora (semi-proportional "negative vote transfer" method) Hungary* Italy South Korea. ================ *Hungary from Wiki "2022 Hungarian parliamentary election" "The 199 members of the National Assembly are to be elected by two methods; 106 are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with the remaining 93 elected from a single nationwide constituency mostly by party-list PR, thus a partially compensatory MMP system based on the same vote that voters cast in the district vote. The electoral threshold is set at 5%, although this is raised to 10% for coalitions of two parties and 15% for coalitions of three or more parties. Seats are to be allocated using the d'Hondt method.[21]"
=========================================
Parallel Voting other systems 3 Monaco Block Voting plus non-compensatory party-list PR* Pakistan (no details known) Seychelles ( Africa) (no details known)
*Monaco
From Wiki Elections in Monaco
Monaco elects its national level parliament. The National Council (Conseil National) has 24 members, elected for a five-year term, 16 elected by a winner-take-all plurality block voting system, and the other 8 by PR. Each voter may cast a ballot with up to 16 candidates' names. First, the 16 individuals with the most votes are elected. Then, votes are counted by party groups to fill the remaining 8 seats. E.g., if a party polled 51 percent of the votes, it would probably win 20 out of 24 seats (all 16 of the winner-take-all seats and then 4 of the 8 proportional seats).
==================================
Limited voting (member election and "general ticket" method) 4 countries
Limited Voting (2 countries) including Spain Spain (Senate) some members elected by Limited Voting
In Spain since the restoration of democracy (the end of governance by General Franco) to elect senators from/for the mainland (three votes per voter for four seats per province)
Gibraltar 10 votes per voter for all 17 seats (also Limited Voting is used in U.S. non-national-level elections) ======================================= Limited Voting "general ticket" method 2 countries - including Spain Argentina
Spain uses LV just for its Senate elections
Argentina Senate - Limited Voting in three-seat districts where seats are allocated to party slates with the most popular party in the district given two seats, the next most popular party given one seat. Each voter casts just two votes. ===================================
Overview
There is said to be 196 countries in the world.
(Taiwan is included in this list of 196 countries.)
Of the 196 countries in the world:
54 countries are in Africa at least 17 use PR
48 countries in Asia perhaps 27 uses PR
In Oceania at least 14 use PR
12 countries in Asia and Pacifica use party-list PR
1 Asian country uses STV -- Nepal
Australia uses STV
50 in Europe 44 use PR*
(wiki list of 44 includes Holy See and lists four UK dependencies separately
my list of 50 includes UK dependencies (Gibraltar, Faroe Islands, Channel Islands, Isle of Man), Danish dependency (Greenland), and Kozovo
33 in Americas (Latin America and the Caribbean) at least 17 use PR
2 in Northern America -- Canada and U.S. Neither uses PR in national elections.
Total of something like 106 countries continent by continent around the world.
*Europe
34 use party-list PR including Spain
two use MMP Germany* Romania
two use STV Ireland Malta
Andorra uses Parallel Voting Block Voting mixed with party-list PR
Russia Federation (lower house) Europe uses Parallel voting
Monaco Parallel Voting
Hungary Parallel Voting
Lithuania Parallel Voting
Limited Voting Gibraltar including Spain
total of 44 European countries listed here (counting Spain only once)
*in 2023 Germany switched from usual form of MMP when it began to allocate district seats based on overall party vote shares, not local plurality or other threshold based on just local votes. shifted more toward list PR and away from MMP
==================================================================
Countries of the world that don't use PR (as mentioned in Wiki: "List of electoral systems by country"
Most of them use FPTP.
Antigua and Barbuda FPTP Azerbaijan FPTP Bahamas Two-round system Bahrain Two-round system Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Europe one of rare European countries not to use PR Belize Bhutan Botswana FPTP Cameroon MM districts. "General ticket" voting. Party that takes more than half the vote in the district takes all the seats in the district, otherwise ? Canada FPTP (it is the only member of G7 to use FPTP and only FPTP in its federal and provincial elections) Central African Republic FPTP and Two-round system Chad MM districts. General ticket voting. party that takes more than half the vote in the district takes all the seats in the district; otherwise seats allocated through party-list PR China Block Approval voting [etc.] Comoros Two-round system
and many more, including: UK FPTP member of G7, uses PR systems in the election of members of assemblies in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales
US member of G7, uses non-FPTP systems in the election of members of House of Representatives
Presidential electoral college system - single-voting but multi-winner "general ticket" (single-party winner) system (non-PR) House of Representatives - mostly FPTP plurality but also IRV and other methods.
7 non-PR countries in Europe
France
Belarus
Ukraine
UK
Holy See
Channel Islands
Isle of Man
======================================
So as you see, there is great diversity.
Thanks for reading. Hope this info was of interest...
==================================================================
Other notes:
As of 1996
Party-list PR 42 countries use this for lower house elections
Additional Member system (district-level MMP in regions)
21 countries use this for lower house elections:
Germany’s Bundestag (1953-2011)
Five liberal democracies
Seven in Eastern and Central Europe
Five other emergent democracies - Bolivia,
Three others: Senegal, Armenia Azerbajan
South Korea (in liberal democracy or emergent dem above?)
STV
two countries (Ireland and Malta) use this for lower house elections
Limited Voting two countries use this for lower house elections:
Liechenstein and San Marino
As of 1990 LV used in Liechenstein and San Marino for lower house elections. Japan and Spain for upper house elections (Derbyshire and Derbyshire, Political Systems, p. 77, 80)
Japan used SNTV (an extreme form of LV) in elections prior to 1994. (Derbyshire and Derbyshire, Political Systems, p. 79)
=========================================
Use of PR in Commonwealth Countries
Of 56 countries in the Commonwealth, 20 countries use PR, and half of them use list PR.
20 PR countries in Commonwealth
10 use list PR.
5 do use a candidate-based voting system (STV, SNTV, LV)
(2 of the 3 STV countries (Ireland and MAlta) are the longest to use PR in the Commonwealth, I believe
Australia has used STV since 1948 federally, which is also earlier than many or all the list PR countries.)
1 uses parallel voting where perhaps both candidate based voting and list PR is used.
3 use MMP where both candidate based voting and list PR is used.
In total 20 countries in the Commonwealth use a form of PR (including LV):
list PR 11
MMP 3
STV 3 (including Aus.)
SNTV 1 (Vanuatu)
Parallel voting 1
Limited voting 1
PR (plus Limited voting) 20 Countries
Aus (Senate) STV
Cyprus list PR
Faroe Isl. list PR
Fiji list PR
Gibralta limited voting
Guyana list PR
Ireland STV
Lesotho MMP
Malta STV
Mozambique list PR
Namibia list PR
NZ MMP
Rwanda list PR (Rwanda is member of Commonwealth but was never Brit. colony)
Sierre Leone list PR
South Africa MMP
Sri Lanka list PR
Tanzania Parallel voting/ FPTP/list PR
Togo list PR (former French colony, now a Commonwealth country)
Vanuatu SNTV
Zimbabwe list PR
Commonwealth countries not using PR (56 in total, 31 listed by name)
UK FPTP (national level) (PR systems used for devolved states: Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland)
Canada FPTP
Antigua FPTP
Bahamas FPTP
Bangladesh FPTP
Belize FPTP
Botswana FPTP
Brunei no elections?
Cameroon MMP (plurality in district) not PR
Dominica FPTP
Ghana FPTP
Gabon Two-Round System (TRS)
Gambia FPTP
Grenada FPTP
India FPTP
Jamaica FPTP
Kenya plurality
Malaysia FPTP
Malawi FPTP
Mauritius Block voting but with top up (I listed it as "Other MMP")
Nigeria FPTP
Pakistan parallel voting PR?
Papua IRV
Saint Lucia FPTP
Samoa parallel voting FPTP+ block voting
Seychelles parallel voting PR?
Solomon FPTP
Tongo TRS
Trinidad FPTP
Uganda FPTP
Zambia FPTP
(and a few smaller countries, colonies and overseas possessions, which may or may not have PR)
So list PR is used in some Commonwealth countries, despite STV being regarded historically as the British form of PR.
(perhaps Commonwealth countries are slow to take up PR because many think that PR has to mean an end to candidate-based voting.
if there was more awareness of STV (or even SNTV), or even the use of list PR in districts (such as Denmark uses), many Commonwealth countries might take up PR.)
======================================
Electoral Reform Society (UK) list of PR countries (Sept 2024)
just based on primary chamber (In my list I use both chambers as far as I know)
Party list 73 [they say 74 but they only list 73]
(I have 75
i put Denmark, Iceland and Sweden in MMP -- that change should make their list 72)
i put Romania as MMP -- that change should make their list 71)
Albania, Algeria,
Angola, Argentina,
Armenia, Austria,
Belgium, Benin,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burundi,
Cabo Verde, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Chile,
Colombia, Costa Rica,
Croatia, Cyprus,
Czechia, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,
Estonia, Fiji,
Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau,
Honduras, Iceland,
Indonesia, Israel,
Kazakhstan, Kosovo,
Latvia, Lebanon,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Monaco, Montenegro,
Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, North Macedonia (also listed as parallel voting)
Netherlands, Nicaragua,
Norway, Paraguay,
Peru, Poland,
Portugal, Romania (I list this as MMP),
Rwanda, San Marino,
Sao Tome and Principe, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, Spain,
Sri Lanka, Suriname,
Sweden, Switzerland,
Timor-Leste, Togo,
Tunisia, Türkiye
and Uruguay
74 – Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tunisia, Türkiye and Uruguay. |
.
Type of system | Countries in which it is used |
74 – Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tunisia, Türkiye and Uruguay. | |
Single Transferable Vote (STV) [4] | 2 – Ireland and Malta. [they ignore Australia, Nepal] |
r | 7 – Germany, Mexico, New Zealand, Republic of Korea. |
Parallel voting | |
Other [Lesotho s/b MMP] | 9 – Bolivia, Djibouti, Guyana, Hungary, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Nepal, Republic of Moldova, Sudan, Tajikistan and Thailand. |
Note: Every country uses a slightly different implementation of their electoral system. Some countries could be argued to fit into multiple categories. With that in mind, the exact number for each system is contested.
This table is an updated version of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parline Database, https://data.ipu.org/. The following updates were made:
Vanuatu from PR to SNTV [SNTV is not regarded as PR]
Dominica from PR to FPTP;
Djibouti moved from MMP to other,
Kyrgyzstan from PR to parallel.
Kosovo, Tunisia and North Macedonia added to PR. (I listed all above as PR)
Hungary from MMP to Other.
Thailand from MMP to Other.
Georgia has been removed, it will be updated after their elections in late 2024.
Ukrainian elections have been postponed whilst martial law is imposed during the Russo-Ukrainian War. [I did not list it as PR country]
Commentaires