Timeline of Canadian electoral reform and related writings
Part 3. 1972 to the present
Parts 1 and 2 also available in Montopedia.
As of 1971, no government in Canada was using any form of proportional representation.
But moves were being made to change that unfortunate situation.
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1972 of 50 most-populous countries (and others), 23 used a form of P.R.:
list P.R. being used in:
Americas -- Costa Rica, Uruguay, Chile (1973 military coup ended P.R.)
Europe - Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Italy, Iceland, Finland, Luxembourg, Yugoslavia, Greece
Southwest Africa
Israel
STV used in national elections in Ireland, Malta and to elect the Senate in Australia.
SNTV - Japan (since 1946);
MMP - Germany (since 1946)
=====
Many of the most-popular countries did not use P.R. or some didn't even hold elections circa 1972..
(China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Brazil, Bangladesh, Russia, Mexico, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iran, Turkey, France, U.K., South Africa, Myanmar (Burma), Colombia, Kenya, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Algeria, Uganda, Iraq, Canada, Poland, Morrocco, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Peru, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Ivory Coast not using P.R., or perhaps not even having free elections)
Philippines not used PR or at most used PR partially and with artificial limits on party rep.
Madagascar -- one party took almost all the seats in 1970.
Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Republic of Korea, Senegal --parallel voting, so only partial PR (even by 2024)
Puerto Rico Senate had 5 members elected at-large using SNTV.
Uzbekistan, Angola, Ukraine, Mozambique not independent country in 1971.
Ghana held election in 1969, likely using P.R., but army seized power in 1972.
(the 50 most-populous countries set by 2024 ratings. (Wiki "List of countries by population".)
=============================
1976 Parti Quebecois came to power after recent history of being denied its due share of seats. Promised to incorporate PR into Quebec's electoral system. Premier Levesque appointed a Minister of State for Parliamentary and Electoral Reform. 1982 proposed an open-list list PR system using multi-member districts. PQ's popularity had dropped to 33 percent, a level where under FPTP it would take considerably fewer than one-third of the seats. Royal Commission investigated ER and determined on a territorial PR (RPT) with counties used as districts, thus producing DM of 3 to 14 seats. This system was predicted to produce fair rep. of different political organizations, election of women and visible minorites, and strengthen regional political insittutions. (Levesque was against single-member districts as they had been route to corruption in old Quebec politics.)
But party functionaries proposed MMP (RPC) with with only a quarter of seats devoted to top-up.
The two different proposals never reconciled. Deadlock meant no change at all.
As 1985 election approached, PQ also split on question of Quebec independence. Levesque resigned. PQ under Pierre-Marc Johnson lost the election. Under FPTP it got 23 seats while its due share was 47 seats. (Prior to the election it had held 80 seats when it had been due only 60 in the 122-seat legislature.)
PQ MLAs, although possibly expecting that the PQ government would fall in 1985, still expected their own individual re-election. But for most, this did not pan out. FPTP means that each elected member talks to supporters and that gives him or her the perception that he or she is popular with majority of voters when in fact not necessarily true. A party that receives the leading-party's windfall of seats also over-estimates its own popularity for the same reason (and perhaps for that reason, does not go to PR when it would help them in the next election if their popularity is polling at just 33-percent area). (Milner, Obstacles to Electoral Reform (1994), p. 46-50, specifically p. 49)
=========
HISTORIC NOTE:
1977 Federal government established the Task Force on Canadian Unity (sometimes called the Pepin-Robarts Commission). It was co-chaired by former federal Liberal minister Jean-Luc Pepin and former Conservative premier of Ontario John Robarts.
The purpose of the Task Force was to recommend how to strengthen national unity. It recommended “a mixed electoral system with an element of proportional representation to ensure a broader regional representation in federal political parties”. (FVC website: 100 years of broken promises)
=========
1977 Mexico -- 400 members in the Lower Chamber -- 300 are elected by plurality in single-member districts; the other 100 elected by proportional representation through party-list PR. (P.R. first used in 1979 election.)
(the P.R. members were increased. see 1986.)
(1979 Canada -- William F. Irvine. Does Canada Need A New Electoral System? Kingston (Ontario): Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University, 1979.)
1984 Canada -- Quebec almost got P.R. [I dont know anything about this]
Henry Milner. “Prospects for Electoral Reform in Canada: Lessons from Quebec’s Near-Adoption of PR in 1984.” In Voting and Democracy Report 1995 (Washington, D.C.: The Center for Voting and Democracy, 1995), pp. 159-163
1986 Mexico -- 500 members in the Lower Chamber -- 300 are elected by plurality in single-member districts; the other 200 elected by proportional representation through party-list PR in five multi-member districts of 40 seats each.
(formerly only 100 of the members elected by PR). https://ine.mx/the-mexican-electoral-system/
1988 Brazil adopted new election system
Deputies are elected to the Chamber of Deputies using open-list party-list proportional representation. Seats are distributed in 27 multi-member constituencies based on the Federation Units (26 States and the Federal District), with DM ranging from 8 to 70. Seats are allocated through the D'Hondt method.
The Brazilian Electoral Code determines that the proportional system used is an open list system, where the votes are nominal to the candidates and the party lists are composed of the most-popular candidates of each party. In this type of system, each party obtains a number of seats proportional to the sum of the votes of all its candidates, and these seats are distributed, in order, to the most-popular candidates of that party.
1991 Canada -- Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing (established by the Mulroney government)
changing the electoral system was excluded from realm of possibility. (Milner, Obstacles to Electoral Reform (1993))
==============
1994
Henry Milner. “Obstacles to Electoral Reform in Canada.” American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol 24 (Spring, 1994): 39-55.
says tht result of 1993 federal eleciont showed how reform was needed,
1994 Dennis Pilon. The Drive for PR in BC, 1917-1923.
Simon Fraser University BA thesis.
(Dennis Pilon is a major force in Fair Vote Canada in 2020s)
(Pilon see 2007)
(available online:
file:///home/chronos/u-7471ce29d386ae6b6c8a0356e0b3c71f1425c61b/MyFiles/Downloads/b18026539.pdf
=====
1998 Jansen, Harold. The Single Transferable Vote in Alberta and Manitoba. UofA thesis.
discusses use of both STV and IRV in Alberta and Manitoba.
Choi (2021) described Jansen's thesis as "one of the few analyses of the effects of STV in Alberta"
Choi: Jansen found that STV had no appreciable effect on number of candidates, the number of independent candidates and voter turnout. Only effect was increase in the number of spoiled ballots and "...By Jansen's calculation, STV produced fairer and more proportional results than single-member plurality in Alberta, with a greater diversity of parties gaining seats in Edmonton and Calgary..."
[as the main goal of PR is fairer election results, Jansen's criticism actually gives credit to Pro-rep for what it is worth.
That P.R. is also successful at achieving its second main goal -- a large proportion of votes actually used to elect someone -- is ignored in Choi's summary of Jansen's analyses.]
===========
Henry Milner (editor). Making Every Vote Count: Reassessing Canada’s Electoral System. Broadview Press, 2001.
(see 1984)
===
1999 Indonesia -- first free elections since 1955. Suharto, dictator since 1966, gone.
House of Representatives elected by closed list PR in province-wide districts.
DM ranged from 82 to 4.
2002 Pakistan -- limited use of P.R. starting in 2002. Pakistan elects 60 women and 10 ethnic minorities Representatives, each group through P.R. (but 266 members through FPTP). Governing parties were elected with 32 percent or so of the votes in 2013 and 2018.
2004 The independent Law Commission of Canada conducted a three-year study on electoral reform and submitted a report to the Minister of Justice entitled “Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada”. The report recommending adopting Mixed Member Proportional Representation (MMP)
see
===============
2004 Harold J. Jansen. "The Political Consequences of the Alternative Vote - Lessons from Western Canada" Canadian Journal of Political Science 37 (3), p. 647-69.
examined use of Instant-Runoff Voting (IRV) in provincial elections in Alberta 1924-1956, Manitoba 1924-1953, and BC in 1951 and 1952.
(Jansen see 1998)
=====
HISTORIC NOTE:
The House of Commons Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs tabled a report in June, 2005, recommending a Special Committee on Electoral Reform and a “citizens consultation group” to make recommendations about how to modernize the electoral system. The government response was to agree with the report but say the timelines were unrealistic. Nothing was started before the next election in January, 2006.
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2004/2005 In 2004 British Columbia Citizens Assembly recommended STV for use in BC provincial elections.
STV received 58 percent of the votes in the 2005 referendum.
WIGM was the precise form of STV on offer. (perhaps STV advocates did not understand how complicated surplus vote transfers are under WGIM.) https://www.fairvote.ca/stvbc/)
Montopedia: "2005 referendum..."
Dennis Pilon, Canada's leading expert on electoral reform, produced a podcast on the 2005 BC referendum: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?app=desktop&list=PLzk1DUDCNAxkeAvKk5slO5y0uhvw_bITb
(for more PR referendums, see Wiki "Electoral reform")
======
2006 - New Brunswick - A electoral reform referendum was announced for 2008, but government defeated only a few months later. Proposal to be voted on was MMP - 36 members elected through FPTP; 20 additional top-up members elected from 4 regions, using closed lists, to produce proportionality. Threshold for top-up seats to be 5 percent of provincial vote.
====
2007 Ontario - Electoral reform referendum 67 percent of votes cast in favour of maintaining FPTP, 33 percent in favour of MMP
=====
2007 Dennis Pilon. The Politics of Voting, Reforming Canada's Electoral System.
Toronto: Edmund Montgomery Publishing, 2007.
review online: https://bcstudies.com/book_film_review/the-politics-of-voting-reforming-canadas-electoral-system/
Dennis Pilon is regarded as Canada's leading expert on electoral reform.
================
2009 BC's second referendum on electoral reform for provincial elections.
Choice was STV or FPTP.
FPTP won -- FPTP 61 percent; STV 39 percent.
STV system DM was to be in the 2-7 range. The form of STV on offer was to conduct transfer of surplus votes using the Inclusive Gregory Method (or perhaps WIGM), which likely would have required computer vote-counting machines.
For more information see https://rangevoting.org/BCSTVdefn and
(see 2018)
=====
HISTORIC NOTE:
During the 2015 election, the Liberals, NDP and Green parties all ran on commitments to make 2015 the last election with first-past-the-post.
The NDP and Greens favoured proportional representation.
The headline of the Liberal promise was to “Make Every Vote Count” (a Fair Vote Canada slogan). The only type of systems that aim to make every vote count as a principle are proportional. But Trudeau in 2024 revealed that he never intended pro-rep but instead IRV was only way that he would suport to reform the system.
======
2016
Trudeau Liberal government established the Electoral Reform Committee (ERRE).
When the ERRE report was released, the Liberals held a separate press conference and produced a Supplementary Report recommending the government break its campaign promise, calling it “radical” and “hasty“.
On a more constructive note, they also recommended that:
“the Government further undertake a period of comprehensive and effective citizen engagement before proposing specific changes to the current federal voting system. We believe that this engagement process cannot be effectively completed before 2019.”
In February, 2017, the Liberals announced they were breaking their promise to reform the electoral system.
The NDP and Green parties wrote a Supplementary Report, in which they expressed support for a range of proportional options supported by the experts that the Liberals might be willing to compromise on, including one based on small, incremental steps and options that could include ranked ballot. (FVC website: 100 years of broken promises)
=======
2016 PEI electoral reform referendum - MMP received more than 52 percent support on the final count. IRV was used to establish winner. Government ignored the result
=====
2018 BC's third referendum on electoral reform. Choice was FPTP or change, and if change, which system would be its replacement -- Rural-Urban PR (some elected by STV or list PR, some by FPTP, with top-up members added overall), Dual-Member PR, MMP.
in first question FPTP won a majority of votes, versus change.
(STV, a part of the RUPR system, was to use the Weighted Inclusive Gregory Method (WIGM). but it seems to me those who endorsed it did not reallze how complicated surplus vote transfers are under WGIM. (For info on WIGM, see the Montopedia blog "Gregory method" .)
Dennis Pilon: "B.C.’s voting system referendum—the politics of choosing" Georgia Straight, Nov. 23, 2018
==========
2018 London (Ontario) used IRV in its city election. This is first time ranked votes have been used in a Canadian government election at any level since 1973.
No proportionality;
no majoritarian result even -- winner in many wards won with less than half of votes cast in the ward;
large number of exhausted votes apparently due to voters being able to mark only three preferences at the most.
ON Conservative government later banned anything but plurality electing - FPTP or Block Voting.
(Timmins ON, for example, uses both -- FPTP in single-member wards and four elected at-large ("Ward 5") by Block voting -
2018 -- in Ward 5 6700 voters cast 21,000 votes with apparently no proportionality produced.
======================
2019 PEI electoral reform referendum -- On the question "Should Prince Edward Island change its voting system to a mixed member proportional voting system?" 52 percent voted against change, 48 percent voted for change. Voting was split so evenly that each side took a majority of votes in less than 60 percent of the districts, so government did not consider it a clear decision.
=======
2019 Thailand - Thai lower house used the mixed single-vote version of MMP in the 2019 general election, then revertrd to parallel voting.
===
2019 Quebec government said next municipal election would also see voters vote on electoral reform in provincial elections, but in 2021 this decision was rescinded.
2022 Quebec election showed how wrong that decision had been.
Famous litumus test for fairness: Quebecois asking each other "did your vote count?" The reality for most was "no, my vote was not used to elect anyone."
=====
2021 Darren C. Choi. Alberta's Forgotten Experiment with Electoral reform. The Hybrid STV/Alternative vote and the Quasi-party system. UofA (Political Science Undergraduate Review)
(see 1998 for some of his statements)
======
2023 Charter Challenge of our Election System in Ontario Supreme Court.
Springtide and FVC BC
judge ruled that he could see fairness would improve with P.R. but he could not rule that FPTP was actually unconstitutional [even though some parties and women in general have perennially been under-represented, and millions of voters do not see their vote used to elect anyone.]
He also said that P.R. would require a constitutional amendment [which is not true - multi-member districts and STV are not forbidden by the constitution as long as districts do not cross provincial borders].
======
2024 Tom Monto. When Canada had Proportional Representation (fourth edition)
the only book-form publication devoted to discussing the historic use of STV in Canada in every province where it was used.
(epub and pdf version available by emailing montotom@yahoo.ca)
Monto, of Edmonton, was producer of this blog and of the Montopedia blogsite in general, and he was also author of two books - Old Strathcona Edmonton's Southside Roots and Protest and Progress - Three Labour Radicals in Early Edmonton - and several booklets on historic events.
==============
see
===
sources:
Weinrich Social Protest from the Left in Canada 1870-1970 A Bibliography. UofT Press (1920; 1923)
Hathi trust online
CIHM
===============
Index
Blake, Edward
Cartwright
Cridge
Fleming, Sandford
Harris, Joseph P. (1930)
Hooper, Ronald
Hunt, John D. (1921 1924)
Monto, Tom
Proportional Representation Committee of Ontario 1898
Toronto Federation for Majority Rule 1902, 1903
Tyson, Robert (1904, 1912)
UFA
UFO
Walker (New Westminster politician) (1891)
==================================================
Electoral reform in Canada since 2000
since 2000 there have been many moves towards electoral reform:
3 Citizens Assemblies BC ON Yukon
BC Citizens Assembly (2004) called for STV
ON Citizens Assembly (2006) called for MMP
Yukon Citizens Assembly (2024) called for IRV
(each were (or will be) followed by a referendum)
10 legislative efforts Canada federal 3 (1926, 1936, 2016) PEI 2 NB 2 Qu 3 Yukon
1926 W.C. Good initiative noted above
1936 noted above
House of Commons voting against establishing a federal-level Citizens Assembly on Electoral Reform on Feb. 7, 2024
7 referenda BC 3 PEI 3 ON (QU?)
(two resulted in majority in favour of electoral reform. both of those were over-ridden by government -- 2005 BC, 2016 PEI
two multi-party agreements BC QU
But so far, none have produced actual change on the ground in the form of electoral reform. All provinces and federal elections still use FPTP.
(perhaps BC multi-party agreement produced switch from mixed SMD/MMDs to FPTP in SMDs)
===================================================================
List of Canadian proportionalists
(including those who lived in Canada or played a role in Canada's drive for P.R.)
excerpt from Montopedia blog: "Leading Canadian Proportionalists 1890s to present"
CRIDGE, Alfred and Annie
Alfred Denton Cridge (1824-1902) (his books mostly just say Alfred Cridge )
(he is constantly confused with his author son of the same name.)
Apparently besides being proponents of PR, he (and his wife Annie Denton Cridge) were spiritualists
He authored the book Epitome of spirit-intercourse a condensed view of spiritualism, in its scriptural, historical, actual and scientific aspects; its relations to Christianity, insanity, psychometry and social reform; manifestations in Nova Scotia; important communications from the spirits of Sir John Franklin and Rev. Wm. Wishart, St. John, N.B., with evidences of identity and directions for developing mediums. (1854) (see Hathi Trust online)
(Book is said to be authored by "Alfred Cridge of Canada," presumably the same person.)
contributor to Sandford Fleming's essay contest On Rectification of Parliament (1894) (Spence, Ever Yours, C.H. Spence, p. 148) (essay contestansts used nom de plumes - perhaps he is "Pacifico")
author of 1895 pamphlet PR including its Relation to the Initiative and Referendum (see Hathi Trust)
(starts out by giving examples where people simply accepted myths that they were told, pointing out how the election system actually does not operate at all as most people think)
author of 1904 pamphlet PR including its Relation to the Initiative and Referendum (Spence, Ever Yours, C.H. Spence, p.146) (see Hathi Trust)
(starts out "If a representative government is the nearest approach to a democracy,..."
(the two small books were different but both bore the same title)
He also wrote other hard-hitting pamphlets.
He is subject of a blog:
and a Montopedia blog:
============================
Sandford Fleming
one of Canada's leading scientists
he assembled and published two books on electoral reform in the early 1890s
-An Appeal for Essays on the Rectification of Parliament in 1892. (most of book is reprint of past North American newspaper coverage of electoral reform up to that time) (available on the CIHM Canadiana website)
-Essays on Rectification of Parliament (1893).
reprinted in Montopedia blogsite:
SEE
=====
Earl Grey
Canadian Governor General 1906-1911
donated the Grey Cup, awarded to best Canadian football team to this day
said to be a perfect fanatic on the subject of PR
===
John D. Hunt of Alberta
author of The Key to P.R. 1924
instrumental in Alberta's adoption of STV in the 1920s (STV was used to elect Edmonton and Calgary MLAs from 1924 to 1956) and also use of STV in Edmonton city elections, 1923-1927.
He was instrumental in Alberta using ranked voting (IRV) in the end-Prohibition referendum of 1923.
=====
Ronald Hooper
prior to moving to Winnipeg in 1910s to run a newspaper, he had background in electoral reform, being active in Tyson's Proportional Representation League.
In 1919, he was contacted when Manitoba government officials was discussing how to calm public unrest following General Strike.
When asked if PR would cause Labour victory, Hooper said he could not say about that but would say that the result would be fair to all sides. Based on that, the Manitoba government became the first in North America to use STV to elect legislators. (see Monto, When Canada Had PR)
In 1936 Hooper addressed a House of Commons committee investigating electoral reform.
see the transcript of the 1936 HofC. Spec. Comm. on Franchise and Elections Acts
House of Commons Committees, Special Committee ... - Image 146 - Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources
=====
Oliver Aiken Howland (1847-1905)
political activist and author about the time when Catherine Helen Spence toured Canada
mayor of Toronto 1901-1902
He authored several books:
-The Irish problem as viewed by a citizen of the Empire (1887) (Hathitrust)
-The New Empire - reflections upon its origin and constitution and its relation to the great republic (1891), in which he reprinted views he had previously presented in columns in the Toronto Week.
Howland was first elected as an MPP in 1894 and to the mayor's chair in Toronto in 1901.
He was an advocate of electoral reform calling for proportional representation. (Spence, Ever Yours, C.H. Spence, p. 155)
=====
William Peyton Hubbard
Shortly after his mayoralty, Toronto began to use Cumulative Voting (a semi-proportional election system) to elect its Board of Control. The change to at-large direct election using Cumulative Voting can be credited to Toronto's first black municipal politician - William Peyton Hubbard.
CV first used in 1904.
This was also first time that the Toronto Board of Control was directly elected by voters - previously city councillors had elected the Board from among its own members.
The Board of Control was elected in city-wide district.
William Peyton Hubbard, Board of Control member 1898-1907, had been instrumental in achieving this democratization. He was the first person of a visible minority to serve in Toronto city hall and the only one to do so to at least the year 2000 (at least the only one to be elected by a city-wide electorate). A mere alderman under FPTP, under CV he was elected to the Board of Control.
=====
J.M. Johnson, editor of the London (Ont.) newspaper Searchlight. (mentioned in Direct Legislation Record circa 1900)
(#331 (p. 71))
====
James H. Macoun (of the Geological Survey of Canada), [attended the 1899 Political and Social Conference] (mentioned in Direct Legislation Record circa 1900)
=====
E.N. Price of St. Thomas (Ont.), (mentioned in Direct Legislation Record circa 1900)
=====
A.J. Samis
Calgary city commissioner
advocate of PR
He was instrumental in pushing Calgary to adopt STV for election of city councillors in 1917, the first Canadian city to use PR to elect members of its city council.
(see Monto, When Canada Had PR)
=====
W.M. Southam
W.M. Southam,
Correspondent Extraordinary
Wilson M. Southam of the Ottawa Citizen, a leading figure in the Southam chain of Canadian newspapers, died on August 24 of last year. His going deprived the Canadian P.R. movement of its most active and effective leader since Ronald Hooper, of St. James, Manitoba, had to discontinue his fruitful volunteer work as secretary of the Canadian P. R. Society some years ago.
Mr. Southam performed a unique service through a wide correspondence.
Keeping in close touch with political developments throughout the world, he kept up a constant bombardment of the principal figures involved with letters pointing out how an accurate method of representation could help them. In 1943 he distributed widely a pamphlet of his own preparation on the application of P.R. to the problems of world government.
Mr. Southam's Citizen was well named. He and it were citizens of the world. Their penetrating editorials and special articles helped to keep democratic principles to the fore in his nation's capital and exerted an influence far beyond his country's borders.
G.H.H. [George H. Hallet]From 1948 National Municipal Review
=================================
Spence, Cathrine Helen in Canada in 1893 see timeline above
Spence, F.S. Toronto alderman, circa 1898. Direct Legislation Record, vol. IX (criticized misrepresentation of 1898 ON election)
Robert Tyson
Catherine Helen Spence said she was particularly proud of her success in converting Tyson to the PR cause in the 1890s (Spence, Yours Ever, C.H. Spence)
wrote a section in Alfred Cridge's 1904 pamphlet on PR
see Montopedia blog "Tyson..."
Walker (mentioned in my timeline above)
George Wrigley (who is said to be father of George Weston Wrigley (see DCB)) (mentioned in Direct Legislation Record circa 1900),
Other Proportionalists:
John H. Humphreys
executive member of the Proportional Representation League (U.K.)
author of Proportional Representation 1911
Clarence Hoag
co-author of Proportional Representation 1926
George H. Hallett Jr.
co-author of Proportional Representation 1926
John Stuart Mill who said "Democracy according to its definition is the government of the whole people by the whole people equally represented." (as quoted in Spence, A Plea, p. 24) and whose book On Representative Democracy says much in favour of Hare's STV.
==================================
WORKING NOTES
walker 1891 done
====================
not copied elsewhere
Toronto ILP constitution 81619;
public ownership 990785
Constitution of the Central Trades and Labour Council of the City of Montreal, 1886 (CIHM 64072)
UMWA constitution Fernie, BC 1905 (CIHM 84397)
Citizens Electoral Association (Vancouver) Constitution 1915 [president not mentioned] first vice-pres Patrick Donnelly, secretary W.H. McInnes
IODE amendments to the constitution 1920 Calgary 66693 Should Canadian women have the vote? 1913 CIHM 86114
Fuller, Government by the People (1908) (CIHM 65824)
Socialist Party of BC (CIHM 83287)
working hints for local unions of UFWA political situation page 17 mentions Hare PR
history of freedom page 97 pro rep
Not copied:
Report of Alberta Liberal convention Calgary 1919 [many other items on Liberal conventions in 1919]
The Initiative, referendum and recall c. 1912
Social Service Congress 1914
unfinished programme of democracy [1919?]
Calgary ideally situated ... [1919?]
Pros and cons [1914] [debating manual?] includes pro-rep
John H. Humphreys pro-rep 1911
catalogue of books in TO library (CIHM 86437)
Socialism as it is 1915
Early federation movement of Australia 1910
American Commonwealth p. 471 on pro-rep referendums:
"Virginia by her constitution of 1872 and South Dakota by hers of 1889 submitted proposals for pro-rep. both failed" (CIHM 65828)
Liberty of Parliament 1880 Henry Fawcett and Millicent Fawcett essays... (1872) (pro-rep) CIHM 61311)
[the Fawcett's wre BRitish and had no Canadain connection]
1837 rebellion demand pro-rep [actually meant rep by pop.?] (CIHM 8038)
Defects of government 189 210101
Democracy or despotism
======================
=================
fourth dimension CIHM 9-90816
freedom
government by the people
hillquit socialism
Hillquit, Morris, 1869-1933., author
Title
Socialism in theory and practice
Published
New York ; Toronto : Macmillan, 1912.
Identifier
oocihm.65771
ILP
Man and NW Farmers 30526
Reminiscences cihm 76594
North Wester [1850s?] (appeal for responsible government)
O'Hanly resume and suggestions [Done below] (CIHM 36062)
Political situation and labour Toronto committee 1920
CIHM writing etc
=======
Conner, J. McArthur (James McArthur), d. 1938.
Title Public ownership
Published Toronto : Central Executive of the Independant Labor Party of Toronto, [192-?]
CIHM/ICMH microfiche series ; no. 9-90785
======
Mowat, Oliver, 1820-1903, author
Title
Reform government in Ontario : the benefits it has conferred upon the people : speeches delivered by the Hon. Oliver Mowat at Woodstock, Thursday eve'g, Dec. 12th, 1878, before his constituents, and in Toronto, Wednesday evening, Jan. 8th, 1879, before the Young Men's Reform Literary and Debating Club.
Published
[Toronto? : publisher not identified], 1879.
Identifier
oocihm.11163
====
Fuller, Robert Higginson, 1865-1927., author
Title
Government by the people : the laws and customs regulating the election system and the formation and control of political parties in the United States
Published
New York ; Toronto : Macmillan, 1908
====
1891 Fleming, Sandford, Sir, 1827-1915, author
Title
Parliamentary vs. party government : an address delivered at the opening of Queen's University, October 16th, 1891 ; A political problem : a paper
Published
[Kingston, Ont.? : publisher not identified], 1891.
Identifier
oocihm.06103
06103
===
Hume, James Gibson, 1860-1949, author
Title
Political economy and ethics
Published
Toronto : J.E. Bryant, 1892.
Identifier
oocihm.07048
07048
===
Moncrieff, William Glen, author
Title
Party and government by party
Published
Toronto : Copp, Clark; 1871.
Identifier
oocihm.23722
23722
===
Corless, C. V. (Charles Vandyke), d. 1953.
Title
CIHM/ICMH microfiche series ; no. 9-92083
"The Whitley scheme" : a step towards democratising industrial nations
Published
[Montréal? : s.n., 1918?]
Identifier
FC 02 0203 no. 9-92083
oocihm.9_92083
===
Ames, Herbert Brown, 1863-1954., author
Young Men's Christian Association of Montréal.
Title
Canadian political history : outlines of a course of ten lectures delivered in connection with the educational work of the Young Men's Christian Association of Montreal during the autumn of 1894
Published
Montreal : The Association, [1894?]
Identifier
oocihm.04012
===
Jenkins, Edward, 1861-1939., author
Title
The Temple primers.
A history of politics
Published
Toronto : G.N. Morang, [1901?]
Identifier
oocihm.83251
83251
===
Saskatchewan Women Grain Growers' Association author
Its history, constitution and platform
Published
[Saskatchewan?] : [publisher not identified], 1914.
Identifier
oocihm.78204
===
====
Hunt, John D., 1859-1940., author
Title
The dawn of a new patriotism : a training course in citizenship
Published
Toronto : Macmillan, 1917.
Identifier
oocihm.80903
==
Connolly, Cornelius, 1804-1891, author
Title
Thoughts on the origin, nature and destiny of man.
What is man?, or, Thoughts on the origin, nature, and destiny of man
Published
[Saint John, N.B.? : publisher not identified], 1868.
Identifier
oocihm.05996
==
Lawson, J. R. (James Reid), 1820-1891., author
Title
Why Reformed Presbyterians do not vote at political elections
The British elective franchise, or, Why Reformed Presbyterians do not vote at political elections : a discourse
Published
[St. John, N.B.? : publisher not identified], 1884.
Identifier
oocihm.25598
==
Dixon, F. J. (Frederick John), 1881-1931., author
Title
Direct legislation : address by F.J. Dixon before the Presbyterian Synod, on November 15th, 1911.
Published
[Winnipeg : Direct Legislation League of Manitoba, 1911?]
Identifier
oocihm.86011
86011
==
McLennan, J. S. (John Stewart), 1853-1939., author
Title
The Honourable J.S. McLennan on the desirability of betterment in the machinery of government
The machinery of government
Published
Ottawa : The Senate, 1919.
Identifier
oocihm.82911
82911
==
Whiteway, William Vallance, Sir, 1828-1908., author
Title
Manifesto from Sir William V. Whiteway, K.C.M.G., the leader of the Workingman's Party.
Published
[S.l. : publisher not identified, 1893?]
Identifier
oocihm.58858
===
Arguments against an elective legislative council.
Published
[Toronto? : publisher not identified], 1856.
Identifier
oocihm.34747
==
home rule
electors
edmund burke
patriot statemsan
indian myth
===
==
Southam, Wilson M. (Wilson Mills), 1868-1947., author
Title
Industrial unrest
Published
Ottawa : Citizen Pub. Company, [1919?]
Identifier
oocihm.66556
==
Le Sueur, William D. (William Dawson), 1840-1917., author
Title
The problem of popular government
Published
[Toronto? : publisher not identified, 1901?]
Identifier
oocihm.76564
==
Brown, J. C., author
Title
The political situation ably reviewed by J.C. Brown, M.P.P., in a comprehensive speech delivered at Westminster, May 19th, 1894.
Published
[New Westminster, B.C.? : publisher not identified, 1894?]
Identifier
oocihm.26299
=
Roberts, Richard, 1874-1945., author
Title
The unfinished programme of democracy
Published
London : Swarthmore Press, [1919?]
Identifier
oocihm.7761
==
Shortt, Adam, 1859-1931., author
McKay, Kenneth W., 1862-1941.
Wickett, S. Morley (Samuel Morley), 1872-1915.
Title
Bibliography of Canadian municipal government
Municipal organization in Ontario
University of Toronto studies. History and economics ; v. 2, no. 2.
======================
Municipal government in Ontario
Published
Toronto : University Library, publishing by the librarian, 1903.
Identifier
oocihm.76161
==
Vrooman, Frank Buffington, b. 1862.
Title
CIHM/ICMH microfiche series ; no. 9-91975
The new politics
Published
New York : Oxford University Press, c1911.
Identifier
FC 02 0203 no. 9-91975
oocihm.9_91975
===
pros and cons
syndicalism
===
===
Buchanan, D. W.
Title
The revival of an old idea
CIHM/ICMH microfiche series ; no. 9-90583
==
===
done to page 37 of result for representation search on CIHM
===================================
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